Cervical cancer starts in the cervix, the lower part of the uterus, and is mostly caused by long-term infection with high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV). Treatment depends on the stage. Early-stage cancer is often treated with surgery, while more advanced stages are usually treated with combined chemotherapy and radiation. When found early, cervical cancer is highly treatable.
Common Symptoms
- Bleeding after intercourse
- Bleeding between periods or after menopause
- Unusual vaginal discharge, sometimes foul-smelling
- Pelvic pain
- Pain during intercourse
Early cervical cancer may have no symptoms, which is why screening is important.
Stages of Cervical Cancer
Stage 1
Cancer is limited to the cervix.
Stage 2
Cancer has spread beyond the cervix to the upper vagina or tissues beside the uterus, but not to the pelvic wall.
Stage 3
Cancer has spread to the lower vagina, pelvic wall, lymph nodes or causes kidney blockage.
Stage 4
Cancer has spread to the bladder, rectum or distant organs.
Staging uses examination, MRI, CT or PET scans and biopsy results.
Treatment Options by Stage
Very early cancer
- Cone biopsy or simple hysterectomy
- Fertility-sparing surgery (trachelectomy) in selected young women
Early-stage cancer
- Radical hysterectomy with lymph node removal
- Radiation as an alternative in some cases
Locally advanced cancer
- Chemoradiation, often with brachytherapy (internal radiation)
Advanced or recurrent cancer
- Chemotherapy
- Targeted therapy or immunotherapy in suitable patients
- Palliative radiation for symptoms
Can Fertility Be Preserved?
In some very early cancers, fertility-sparing surgery may be possible. This needs careful assessment by a specialist.
Prevention
- HPV vaccination: most effective before sexual activity begins
- Regular screening: Pap smear and/or HPV test
- Avoid smoking: smoking increases risk
Key Takeaways
- Cervical cancer is mostly caused by HPV.
- Early stages are often treated with surgery.
- Advanced stages are treated with chemoradiation.
- Fertility-sparing options exist for some early cases.
- Vaccination and screening prevent many cases.
Final Thoughts
Cervical cancer is one of the most preventable and treatable cancers when found early. Understanding the stages helps you take part in decisions about your care. For gynecological cancer evaluation, you can consult Dr. Varadharajan, a surgical oncologist in Chennai.
