A neck dissection is surgery to remove lymph nodes and surrounding tissue from the neck. It is commonly done for head and neck cancers, such as mouth, throat, voice box and thyroid cancer, because these cancers often spread to neck lymph nodes first. It may be done to remove known cancer spread or to remove nodes that might contain hidden cancer cells.
Why Is It Done?
- To remove lymph nodes with known cancer
- To remove nodes that may contain microscopic cancer
- To stage the cancer accurately
- To decide whether radiation or chemotherapy is needed
Types of Neck Dissection
Selective neck dissection
Removes specific groups of lymph nodes most at risk. Important nerves, muscles and veins are preserved.
Modified radical neck dissection
Removes all lymph node groups on one side, preserving one or more important structures.
Radical neck dissection
Removes all lymph nodes plus certain muscles, a major vein and a nerve. Used less often today, mainly for extensive disease.
Possible Effects
- Shoulder stiffness or weakness: if the nerve to the shoulder muscle is affected
- Numbness: of the neck, ear or skin around the scar
- Swelling: of the face or neck, usually temporary
- Fluid collection or chyle leak: uncommon
- Scar: along the neck crease
Recovery
- Hospital stay of a few days, often combined with the main tumour surgery
- Drains removed within several days
- Gentle neck and shoulder exercises begin early
- Physiotherapy helps restore shoulder movement
- Return to light activities within a few weeks
What Happens After?
The pathologist examines the nodes. If cancer is found in many nodes or spread outside the node, radiation or chemoradiation may be recommended.
Key Takeaways
- Neck dissection removes lymph nodes in the neck.
- It treats or prevents cancer spread.
- Selective dissection preserves key structures.
- Shoulder stiffness can occur and improves with physiotherapy.
- Results guide further treatment.
Final Thoughts
Neck dissection is an important part of head and neck cancer care that helps control disease and plan treatment. Physiotherapy and follow-up support a smooth recovery. For head and neck cancer surgery, you can consult Dr. Varadharajan, a surgical oncologist in Chennai.
