Surgery is the main treatment for most thyroid cancers. Depending on tumour size, type and spread, the surgeon may remove one lobe of the thyroid (lobectomy) or the whole gland (total thyroidectomy). Nearby lymph nodes may also be removed. Most people recover well and return to normal activities within one to two weeks.
Types of Thyroid Cancer
- Papillary: most common, usually slow-growing
- Follicular: also usually treatable
- Medullary: may be hereditary
- Anaplastic: rare and aggressive
Types of Surgery
Lobectomy (hemithyroidectomy)
Removes one half of the thyroid. Some people keep enough function to avoid hormone tablets.
Total thyroidectomy
Removes the entire thyroid. Thyroid hormone replacement is needed for life.
Neck dissection
Removes lymph nodes in the central or side of the neck if cancer has spread or is suspected.
How Is It Decided?
- Tumour size and type
- Whether one or both lobes are involved
- Lymph node spread
- Biopsy and ultrasound findings
- Patient preference after discussion
Possible Risks
- Voice changes: from irritation or injury to the nerve that controls the vocal cords, usually temporary
- Low calcium: if parathyroid glands are affected, causing tingling or cramps, usually temporary
- Bleeding or swelling in the neck: rare but needs urgent attention
- Scar: usually small and fades over time
Recovery
- Hospital stay of one to two days
- Mild neck pain and swallowing discomfort for a few days
- Calcium levels checked after surgery
- Return to work in about one to two weeks
- Avoid heavy lifting for about two weeks
After Surgery
- Thyroid hormone tablets if needed
- Radioactive iodine for some patients
- Regular blood tests (thyroid levels and thyroglobulin) and ultrasound follow-up
Key Takeaways
- Surgery is the main treatment for thyroid cancer.
- Lobectomy or total thyroidectomy depends on risk.
- Voice and calcium problems are usually temporary.
- Hormone tablets are needed after total removal.
- Most people recover within a couple of weeks.
Final Thoughts
Most thyroid cancers have excellent outcomes with timely surgery and follow-up. Knowing what to expect helps you feel ready. For thyroid cancer surgery evaluation, you can consult Dr. Varadharajan, a surgical oncologist in Chennai.
